Author: Kathryn

Reader of books and player of games. College professor and pokémon trainer. Writes about Japanese fiction, media, gender, and society. In love with monsters and magic. https://digitalfantasydiary.com/

The City and Its Uncertain Walls

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In The City and Its Uncertain Walls, Haruki Murakami returns to an earlier era of his writing. Although ostensibly set in the present, there’s a timeless quality to this story and its characters, who move through their lives entirely offline and largely cut off from contemporary society. In both the setting and scenario, Murakami borrows heavily from his own twentieth-century fiction, making The City and Its Uncertain Walls feel like more of a pastiche than an original work.

The first section of the novel alternates between the narrator’s recollections of the past and his descriptions of a low-fantasy dreamscape of the eponymous walled city. In the real world, the narrator recounts the progression of his teenage romance with a girl who eventually revealed that she was suffering from severe depression before sending a farewell letter and disappearing from his life. In the dream world, the adult narrator enters the walled city the girl once built from her imagination and encounters a ghost of her sixteen-year-old self.

At an almost detail-by-detail level of fidelity, the walled city is lifted directly from the “End of the World” segments of Murakami’s 1985 novel Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World, while the bittersweet teenage romance is strongly reminiscent of his 1987 novel Norwegian Wood.

This was a slow opening for me, as it’s territory Murakami has covered many times before. Perhaps a different reader might have a different impression; but, since I’ve already read Norwegian Wood and Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World many times during the past two decades, I often found myself skimming through this section.

The story becomes somewhat more interesting in the second section, when the forty-year-old narrator wakes from the dream of the walled city, leaves his job at a book distribution company, and moves to a small town in the mountains of Fukushima prefecture to manage a privately owned library. The narrator is welcomed by the former head librarian, a gentle elderly man named Mr. Koyasu. With the support of the library staff, the quiet days pass pleasantly enough, but there’s something strange about Mr. Koyasu, who seems to come from nowhere as he pleases before returning to nothing at the end of his visits.

In many ways, this second section feels like a retread of Murakami’s 2017 novel Killing Commendatore, whose narrator undergoes a similar midlife crisis and moves to a small town in the mountains. There are also echoes of the rural library in Shikoku that serves as the setting for the last half of the 2002 novel Kafka on the Shore. Thankfully, this section doesn’t exhibit the same fidelity of borrowing as the first, and I was intrigued by the gradual reveals concerning Mr. Koyasu’s life and interest in the narrator.

Toward the end of the second section, it seems the plot will finally move forward when the narrator is introduced to one of the library’s most faithful patrons, a teenage boy on the autism spectrum. The boy knows about the walled town, and he wants the narrator to take him there. Unfortunately, this is when the story begins to lose its threads, and it falls apart into a tangle of long conversations in which characters repeat the same information without actually saying anything. Even at the abstract metafictional level of Murakami’s beloved “symbols” and “metaphors,” the ending feels rushed and unsatisfying.

In his “Afterword,” Murakami explains that he began The City and Its Uncertain Walls during the pandemic as a return to a story of the same title that he originally published in 1980. I understand the drive to return to familiar themes in order to view them from unexplored angles, but the problem with this novel is that there’s nothing new or different in its approach. If I were feeling cynical, I might even say that The City and Its Uncertain Walls feels as though it’s been assembled as something of a “Best of Murakami” album intended to market the author’s work to new readers.

I enjoyed the experience of reading The City and Its Uncertain Walls, but it didn’t resonate with me emotionally. More than anything, this book inspires nostalgia for Murakami’s earlier novels. Given the story’s refusal to address any social, political, or cultural developments since 1980, I’d say that “nostalgia” is probably going to be its main appeal for many readers. There’s value to seeking shelter in the imagination as a defense against the demands of neoliberal capitalism, but The City and Its Uncertain Walls has nothing to do with resistance; this is pure self-indulgence. As in the walled city of the narrator’s dreams, nothing much happens here, and time passes comfortably but without meaning.

Nails and Eyes

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Kaori Fujino’s Nails and Eyes collects a novella and two short stories whose crystal-clear prose is darkened by the shadow of creeping psychological horror. The theme of family lies at the heart of these stories, especially as it intersects with the fear that those closest to us may deliberately choose not to see obvious but unpleasant truths.

In the third story, “Minute Fears,” a woman named Mika plans to attend the wedding reception of a college friend. Since she’s started a family, Mika has rarely gone out on her own, and she’s been looking forward to the party. Her son Daiki begs her not to go, as he’s been disturbed by an urban legend surrounding a ghost rumored to haunt the local playground. After a brief struggle with Daiki, who doesn’t want to be left alone, Mika goes to the reception late and leaves early. When she comes home, Daiki confesses his fear of the ghost, and Mika resolves to take him to the playground herself to prove that the urban legend isn’t true.

Whether the ghost exists is left to the reader’s imagination. Instead, the true horror lies in the image of Mika dragging her terrified son into the night. Or perhaps, if your sympathies lie elsewhere, the horror is hidden in the homebound years that Mika has had to endure in order to care for her child while her friends enjoy their lives and careers in the outside world. 

The second story, “What Shoko Forgets,” is equally ambiguous yet just as disturbing. After a mild stroke, Shoko has been living in an elder care facility for almost half a year. Her family visits regularly, and she receives ample attention from the staff. A polite and energetic young man named Kawabata is especially gentle, and he seems to have a special fondness of Shoko.

There’s something strange about Kawabata’s behavior after dark, however; and, for some reason, Shoko finds herself thinking about sex in a way she hasn’t for years. It’s possible that there might be a connection between Kawabata and the man Shoko imagines lying next to her at night, but both her eyesight and her memory have grown hazy. In any case, it’s no use trying to explain her muddled thoughts about the situation to her daughter or granddaughter, who so kindly come to visit a forgetful old woman.

The collection’s centerpiece novella, “Nails and Eyes,” is narrated from the perspective of a young girl who lost her mother to an unexplained incident. Her father brings home his younger lover, and the narrator addresses this woman directly through the story. She recounts the minute details of the woman’s life, from her affair with a bookstore owner to her obsession with the home décor blog once maintained by the narrator’s mother.

The narrator also describes her own behavior as a child who has clearly been traumatized by her mother’s suicide but largely ignored by the adults in her life. The narrator refuses to be anywhere near the balcony where her mother died, and she sits in the corners of the apartment gnawing at her nails, which become serrated and sharp. To her credit, the woman responsible for the child’s care makes a clean break with her lover and begins to take a more active interest in her charge’s welfare. This change of heart comes too late, however, and the story ends with an incredibly upsetting psychological break.

To be clear: if you have phobias related to eyes and/or fingernails, this book might not be for you. 

At 140 pages, Nails and Eyes is easy to breeze through, especially in Kendall Heitzman’s smooth and weightless translation. Still, Fujino’s fiction rewards time and attention, as well as repeated readings. There are layers to her deceptively simple prose, and any one of these stories has the potential to generate multiple lines of speculation. Nails and Eyes is a fascinating and disquieting collection that will be appreciated by readers who enjoy literary short horror fiction like Yoko Ogawa’s Revenge and Mariana Enriquez’s Things We Lost in the Fire.

A Woman of Pleasure

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Kiyoko Murata’s A Woman of Pleasure is a feminist novel about the self-liberation of Japanese sex workers in the early twentieth century. It’s also a vibrant window into a different world and a true pleasure to read. Murata’s work has won almost every major Japanese literary prize, and Juliet Winters Carpenter has crafted a beautiful translation of her writing.

A Woman of Pleasure is set in 1903 in the adult entertainment district of Kumamoto, where the fifteen-year-old Ichi has been sold by her impoverished family to a high-ranking brothel. While she apprentices under a senior geisha, Ichi also attends literacy classes run by a retired entertainer named Tetsuko.

Ichi’s honest yet playful diary entries are interspersed between third-person accounts of her everyday life, the mundanity of which comprises the bulk of the novel. Despite the unfairness of her situation, Murata portrays Ichi with sympathy and dignity, as well as with a welcome touch of light humor.  

While the last fifty pages of the book describe how the women at Ichi’s establishment decide to exercise their legal right to leave, the majority of the story explains – very gently – why they would choose to do so. For a contemporary reader, there’s a lot to be upset about, but Murata never degrades her characters or their agency in shaping the course of their lives.

A Woman of Pleasure reminds me a great deal of Jun’ichiro Tanizaki’s classic novel The Makioka Sisters. Despite several startling and high-tension incidents, the book doesn’t have much of a plot. This is to its benefit, I think, as what’s interesting about Ichi’s story would be ruined by melodrama. Murata’s project is first and foremost to celebrate the essential humanity of the women who lived in a different era, but she also presents a compelling demonstration of how normal, ordinary people are capable of powerful political action.

Tree in the Middle of the World

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世界の真ん中の木 (Tree in the Middle of the World) is a lushly illustrated picture book written and drawn by Makiko Futaki, a former animator at Studio Ghibli. Originally published in 1989, this book is now available in a beautiful hardcover edition that allows the full glory of the artwork to shine.

In the Afterword to the original softcover edition published by Animage, Futaki wrote that she was inspired to create this story after visiting the Yakushima natural heritage forest, where she conducted visual research for My Neighbor Totoro. Despite its young protagonists and verdant greenery, however, Tree in the Middle of the World is a complex ecofable that has more in common with Princess Mononoke. 

A preteen girl named Cici lives in the mountains with her grandmother. Their small cottage lies at the base of the gargantuan “tree in the middle of the world,” and their modest livelihood is supported by its ecosystem. One year, the tree’s cycle of seasons goes strangely awry, and the sapling Cici attempts to grow from one of the tree’s seeds withers. Hoping to learn more about the malady affecting the tree, Cici resolves to speak with the legendary golden bird that lives in its uppermost branches.

During her epic three-day climb, Cici realizes that the state of the tree’s health is far more dire than she suspected. To make matters worse, she seems to be followed by a young archer from the steppes named Dimo. Dimo is an inexperienced speaker of Cici’s language, but he manages to communicate that he intends to kill the very bird she seeks. Thankfully, Cici does not have to bear her worries alone. Early in her climb, she gains a travel companion in the form of a talking frog whose avuncular good nature serves as a welcome relief from the hardships of her journey.

When Cici finally finds the golden bird, she learns that it has gone insane in its old age, and the putrescence it sheds from its rotting feathers is the cause of the tree’s sickness. Just as he intended, Dimo appears in the nick of time to slay the bird, which answers Cici’s question with its dying breath – in order to save the tree, Cici must venture underground to scatter the tree’s seeds below its roots.

This is a fearsome undertaking, to be sure, but Dimo promises to lend his aid. The two children thus embark on a second journey that proves to be just as dangerous as the first. Just when all hope seems lost in the darkness, Cici and Dimo arrive on the shore of a golden sea that might just be the very stream of life itself. Having succeeded in the quest, the two children return to the surface, where the first winds of spring greet them with verdant laurels of fresh greenery.

Although I’ve outlined the contours of the story, Tree in the Middle of the World is a substantial book whose plot contains a number of twists, turns, and quiet spaces for rest and contemplation in between. The writing is simple but evocative, especially during the portion of the story that takes place underground. Miraculously, every page boasts gorgeous illustrations, each of which is more magical than the last.

Tree in the Middle of the World reminds me a great deal of Hayao Miyazaki’s Shuna’s Journey, albeit with two key differences. First, the visual layout of Tree in the Middle of the World makes its text much clearer and easier to read than the text in Shuna’s Journey; and second, Futaki is far more focused on guiding the reader along a journey through the space of a fixed setting. Like Shuna’s Journey, however, Tree in the Middle of the World contains moments of genuine fear and menace that might not be appropriate for younger children.

Tree in the Middle of the World doesn’t skirt around the shadows of its themes. Like everything in nature, the life of the giant tree exists in cycles, as does that of the giant bird that nests in its branches. Sometimes, like Cici, we find ourselves at the end of a cycle, and there’s not much we can do to prevent the death and destruction we see everywhere around us. Still, it’s our responsibility to preserve the seeds of what we hold dear and plant them carefully in the hope that they will grow strong and healthy in the future when the cycle turns once again.

Tree in the Middle of the World is an uplifting and optimistic story guided by a fantastic sense of adventure. Through her luminous artwork, Futaki conveys the joy of being surrounded by green and growing things, and the action is easy to follow even if your Japanese reading ability isn’t perfect – or if you don’t read Japanese at all. If nothing else, it’s impossible to read Tree in the Middle of the World and not feel inspired to go outside and interact with the world with a renewed sense of hope and purpose.

Dragon Goes House-Hunting

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Earlier this year, Seven Seas released the tenth and final volume of Kawo Tanuki and Choco Aya’s fantasy series Dragon Goes House-Hunting. This manga follows the misadventures of a gentle but cowardly dragon named Letty and his real estate agent Dearia, a massively powerful and inhumanly beautiful dark wizard. Letty is searching for a comfortable house that will accommodate his size while also protecting him from the pesky adventurers trying to hunt him for crafting materials. While Letty pictures himself in a cozy cottage, Dearia encourages him to be more pragmatic and dungeon-minded.

What makes Dragon Goes House-Hunting stand out in the “slice-of-life fantasy” genre is the consistently high quality of its art, which references the detailed monster designs from video game manuals of the 1990s while still feeling fresh and contemporary. For video game fans especially, it’s quite entertaining to look at dungeon design from the perspective of the monsters, who are just trying to make it through the day without being harassed by heroes. The manga’s situational humor is gentle and sweet, but each volume still managed to surprise me with at least three or four devilishly sharp jokes.

Perhaps the easiest way to describe Dragon Goes House-Hunting is to say that it’s the high fantasy version of the wholesome yakuza comedy The Way of the Househusband. Like The Way of the Househusband, Dragon Goes House-Hunting is designed to be accessible to all ages, but it will resonate most strongly with readers old enough to have some experience with real estate (even if that experience is limited to looking for a student apartment). For a more action-oriented and kid-friendly take on the concept of “building homes for monsters,” I’d also like to recommend the ongoing shōnen series Soara and the House of Monsters, which is a gorgeously creative celebration of fantasy architecture.  

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Idol, Burning

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Rin Usami’s Idol, Burning is only 115 pages long, but this masterfully translated literary novella paints a vibrant portrait of a young woman’s search for community in online fandom.

School has always been tough for Akari, whose dyslexia makes writing Chinese characters by hand extremely difficult. Akari has no problem typing, however, and she pours all of her energy into a fanblog devoted to her oshi Masaki, an actor and member of a popular boy band. During the summer, Akari works as many shifts as she can pick up at her part-time job so that she can buy Masaki’s merch and attend his concerts.

Akari’s world begins to fall apart when Masaki punches an overeager fan, thus becoming the target of intense social media discourse. Akari, who has found friendship and personal fulfilment in her fandom, can’t help but take this abuse personally. To make matters worse, when she returns to high school, she’s informed that she’s failed her junior year.

Usami is unflinching in her portrayal of online cultures, and she’s refreshingly honest about the adverse effects that flamewars can have on vulnerable people seeking support in fandom communities. Akari is never presented as pathological, and the members of her family offer support despite not really understanding the life she leads online. If there’s a villain in this story, it’s the Japanese education system, which refuses to accommodate Akari’s learning style while constantly pressuring her to “try harder.”  

Usami’s writing shines during the quiet scenes of loneliness Akari experiences as she watches her communities crumble apart in real time. While it’s easy to mock the intensity of pop star fandom, Akari’s story helps the reader to understand how the power of a dream can keep a teenager moving forward, especially when they feel that their paths are limited in the offline world. Akari is a beautifully unique and well-realized character, but her failed attempts to find meaning and belonging carry much broader implications concerning how Japanese society views difference and disability.    

The English translation of the book includes short essays by the author and her translator Asa Yoneda, as well as short statements from the cover designer (surrealist photographer Delaney Allen) and the illustrator (comic artist Leslie Hung). The novel’s story stands on its own, but it’s a pleasure to read about the inspirations of the writers and artists who brought it to life.

Asa: The Girl Who Turned into a Pair of Chopsticks

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Natsuko Imamura’s Asa: The Girl Who Turned into a Pair of Chopsticks collects three short literary thought experiments that go to strange places. Each of the characters is missing something essential, and where that lack ultimately leads them is impossible for the reader to predict.

Asa, the eponymous “girl who turned into a pair of chopsticks,” has trouble getting other people to accept any sort of food that she’s touched with her hands. Meanwhile, Nami, the “Girl Who Wanted to Get Hit (and Eventually Succeeded),” is strangely unable to be touched by other people at all. Asa’s quest to understand what makes other people perceive her as unclean has fantastic consequences that become humorous in their absurdity, while Nami’s desire to be touched sinks her into a dark mire of self-harm.

In my favorite of the three stories, the protagonist of “A Night to Remember” claims to have spent fifteen years laying around and doing nothing after graduating from school. This woman is so lazy, in fact, that she spends the majority of the story casually slipping across the ontological boundary that separates human and animal. If “A Night to Remember” were a story about a cat, it would be super cute, but the narrator is definitely a person. The resulting uncanniness is superb.

It’s fitting that the collection’s Afterword is contributed by Sayaka Murata, the author of Convenience Store Woman and Life Ceremony. “These stories give the reader another way of seeing,” Murata writes, “transfiguring what you should be seeing, and sometimes contaminating it.” Like Murata, Imamura refuses to allow the reader to take “common sense” for granted. The stories in The Girl Who Turned into a Pair of Chopsticks thereby offer a glimpse into a strange world where socially acceptable normality doesn’t apply. Imamura’s visions are playfully surreal, occasionally upsetting, and never boring.

Ryokan: Mobilizing Hospitality in Rural Japan

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Chris McMorran’s Ryokan: Mobilizing Hospitality in Rural Japan is an academic monograph about gender and society that’s surprisingly entertaining and enjoyable to read. McMorran is an anthropologist at the National University of Singapore who spent more than a year working at an onsen hotel in the idyllic town of Kurokawa on Japan’s southern island of Kyūshū. His account of how such resorts operate is informed by his own experience, as well as a decade of talking to people with fascinating life stories.

McMorran is discrete and never exploitative, but he uses a fair amount of behind-the-scenes drama to illustrate the conflicting views at play in the construction and maintenance of Kurokawa’s fantasy of “traditional Japan.” Not every aspect of these traditions is worth preserving, especially the pressure placed on firstborn sons (and their wives) to inherit the family business, often at the expense of the ambitions of a family’s daughters.

Despite stubbornly persistent gendered expectations, one aspect of these onsen hotels that seems almost utopian is their willingness to employ women who might otherwise be in danger of falling through the cracks of society, such as divorcées and single mothers with small children. Even though McMorran tackles serious social issues, his approach is always sympathetic and accessible, and his writing is so crisp and clear that this study often feels remarkably akin to a literary memoir.

Ryokan: Mobilizing Hospitality in Rural Japan has the potential to be an entertaining read for fans of Japanese pop culture interested in indulging in a bit of armchair tourism while gaining a deeper understanding of contemporary Japanese society. To enhance the experience, I’d also recommend the gorgeous travel guide Onsen of Japan: Japan’s Best Hot Springs and Bath Houses, which perhaps might be enjoyed alongside a viewing of the beautiful slice-of-life anime movie Okko’s Inn.

川のほとりに立つ者は

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A young woman named Kiyose was recently promoted to the position of manager at an independent café. She devotes her love and attention to the business, but all is not well. One of her employees is a constant source of frustration, and she hasn’t spoken to her long-term boyfriend Matsuki since they had an argument about how Kiyose should handle the situation.

One day, Kiyose randomly gets a call from the hospital informing her that Matsuki is in a coma. The nurse in charge of his care informs her that she’s the closest thing he has to a next of kin, so she dutifully goes to confirm his identity. During her visit, Kiyose learns that Matsuki suffered a head injury sustained under mysterious circumstances, and his only other visitors are two unrelated people she’s never met.

川のほとりに立つ者は initially seems as though it’s going to be a mystery about crime, but it’s actually a character drama about living with invisible disabilities, specifically ADHD and dyslexia. As Kiyose begins digging into Matsuki’s life, she learns that, despite being alienated from his uptight family of professional calligraphers, Matsuki was teaching an adult with dyslexia how to write so that he could pass letters to a woman trapped in an abusive housing situating.

The novel’s title is taken from the proverb 川のほとりに立つ者は水底に沈む石の数を知り得ない, “Those who stand on the river’s shore can never know the number of stones under the water.” After learning about the discrimination faced by Matsuki’s friend, however, Kiyose begins to understand how unfair it is to tell someone with a disability that they’re just being lazy and irresponsible. She realizes that she was being cruel to her employee, who had come out to her as having ADHD, and she resolves to make her café a more accessible and welcoming space while being kinder to the people in her life.

Although her work hasn’t yet been translated into English, Haruna Terachi is a prolific writer who has won a number of literary prizes since her debut in 2014. This is my first encounter with Terachi’s writing, and I enjoyed this short novel, especially the chapters that were narrated from Matsuki’s perspective. I also found it satisfying to watch the mysteries presented at the beginning of the story slowly unravel. That being said, I was unsatisfied with the novel’s conclusion that the solution to systemic discrimination falls on individuals, who simply need to “walk at the same pace” as people with disabilities.

Still, it’s always good to see sympathetic stories about disability – especially invisible disability – and I appreciate Terachi’s pushback against the toxic misconception that disabled people simply aren’t trying hard enough. Along with people interested in the experience of living with disability in contemporary Japan, I’d recommend this book to anyone looking for a fast-paced and wholesome character drama driven by hidden secrets brought to light.